• Demonym
• Endonym
• Exonym
• Name
• Name That -nym
• Nationality Word
• Onomastics

Examples and Observations:

• "At the first U.N. Congress for the Unification of Geographical Names held at Geneva in 1967, it was decided that place names in general would be 'geographical name.' This term would be used for all geographical entities. It was also decided that the term for natural locations would be 'toponym,' and place name would be used for locations for human life."
  (Seiji Shibata, "Place-Name Study in Japan." Language Topics: Essays in Honour of Michael Halliday, ed. by Ross Steele and Terry Threadgold. John Benjamins, 1987)

• "Many place names of British origin consist of a Celtic stem to which has been added an English (or other) suffix. There is the large class of names ending in -chester (or -caster, -cester, etc.). Although the majority of names with this termination refer to former Roman towns or military stations, the ending is not directly derived from the Latin word castra, 'camp,' as is sometimes thought, nor was that term used by the Romans for naming purposes, except for one place in Cumberland (Castra Exploratorum, 'camp or fort of the scouts'). Old Englishceaster was adapted from the Latin word by the Anglo-Saxons while they were still on the Continent and was used by them in their new homeland to designate former Roman towns. Not every modern ending in -chester belongs to this class."
  (John Field, Discovering Place-Names: Their Origins and Meanings, 4th ed., rev. by Margaret Gelling. Shire, 2008)
• "The modern form of a name can never be assumed to convey its original meaning without early spellings to confirm it, and indeed many names that look equally obvious and easy to interpret prove to have quite unexpected meanings in the light of the evidence of early records. Thus in England the name Easter is 'the sheep-fold,' Slaughter 'the creek or channel,' and Wool 'the spring or springs'--the inevitable association of such names with well-known words in the ordinary vocabulary is understandable but quite misleading, for they all derive from old words which survive in fossilized form in place-names but which are no longer found in the language."
  (A.D. Mills, Oxford Dictionary of British Place Names. Oxford Univ. Press, 2003)

• Bill Bryson on British Place Names
  "[N]owhere, of course, are the British more gifted than with place names. Of the thirty thousand named places in Britain, a good half of them, I would guess, are notable or arresting in some way. There are villages that seem to hide some ancient and possibly dark secret (Husbands Bosworth, Rime Intrinseca, Whiteladies Aston) and villages that sound like characters from a bad nineteenth-century novel (Bradford Peverell, Compton Valence, Langton Herring, Wootton Fitzpaine). There are villages that sound like fertilizers (Hastigrow), shoe deodorizers (Powfoot), breath fresheners (Minto), dog food (Whelpo), toilet cleansers (Potto, Sanahole, Durno), skin complaints (Whiterashes, Sockburn), and even a Scottish spot remover (Sootywells). There are villages that have an attitude problem (Seething, Mockbeggar, Wrangle) and villages of strange phenomena (Meathop, Wigtwizzle, Blubberhouses). There are villages without number whose very names summon forth an image of lazy summer afternoons and butterflies darting in meadows (Winterbourne Abbas, Weston Lullingfields, Theddlethorpe All Saints, Little Missenden). Above all, there are villages almost without number whose names are just endearingly inane--Prittlewell, Little Rollright, Chew Magna, Titsey, Woodstock Slop, Lickey End, Stragglethorpe, Yonder Bognie, Nether Wallop, and the practically unbeatable Thornton-le-Beans. (Bury me there!)"
  (Bill Bryson, Notes From a Small Island. William Morrow, 1995)