Association Between Smoking and Total Energy Expenditure
There was an association between smoking and TEE among men. However, the lack of an association among women when adjusting for FFM, which may be partly related to the small number of smoking females, is also consistent with unaccounted confounding factors. The effects of smoking on TEE, and indirectly on body weight, have important implications for public health programs. Therefore, further studies with accurate measurements of TEE, physical activity and caloric intake (food assessment surely is the largest challenge in view of limited accurate instruments) and large enough sample sizes are still needed to provide definite results and help understand the underlying mechanisms.
Conclusions
There was an association between smoking and TEE among men. However, the lack of an association among women when adjusting for FFM, which may be partly related to the small number of smoking females, is also consistent with unaccounted confounding factors. The effects of smoking on TEE, and indirectly on body weight, have important implications for public health programs. Therefore, further studies with accurate measurements of TEE, physical activity and caloric intake (food assessment surely is the largest challenge in view of limited accurate instruments) and large enough sample sizes are still needed to provide definite results and help understand the underlying mechanisms.
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